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燕山式板内造山作用在北京西山的 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
尽管在造山模式、成因机制方面存在分歧,但板内造山作用及其表现特征在现阶段业已引起众多学者的关注并进行了深入研究。受到燕山式板内造山带研究思路和成果的启示,经对比研究认为,北京西山地区在大地构造位置、大地构造属性及大地构造演化等方面具有板内造山的特征;逆冲推覆构造、变质核杂岩及独特的区域构造组合样式等构成了该区燕山式板内造山的基本地质构造要素;基于北京西山的地质实践,提出了对用板内造山的观点在该区深入研究若干新方向。 相似文献
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燕山板内造山带中段近东西向中生代右行走滑构造系统 总被引:20,自引:0,他引:20
阐述了分布燕山板内造山带中段的近东西向中生代右行走滑构造系统的几何学与运动学特征,指出该右行走滑断裂系统由古北口-平泉断裂和密云-喜峰口-锦西断裂两条主干断裂,以及夹于其间的北西向张性断层和张裂脉,北东向压性断层和褶皱等共同组成,近东西向主干断裂具有右行右列“P破裂”结构形式,北西向的张性断层和张裂脉则具有“T破裂”性质,主干断裂与北东向压性断裂和褶皱构成了一幅右行走滑双重构造(strike-slip duplexs)格局,而不是不同期次变形的产物。该走滑断裂系统形成于侏罗纪末一早白垩世初(147-132Ma),由于它恰好构成了位于辽西的走向北东,向南东逆冲的逆冲推覆构造系统与冀北,冀西北地区北东走向,上盘向北西逆冲的推覆构造的转换和调节部位,所以本文提出了一个右行走滑构造系统的统一构造模式,在该模式中,辽西和冀北,冀西北同时代而运动方向相反的逆冲构造系统分别构成了近东西向右行走滑系统的断盘前缘挤压逆冲构造区,认为惦记山板内造山带总体构造格局的区域构造作用方式是:在总体北西一南东向挤压的一级构造应力场作用下,造山带北部的块体相对于中生代华北地台为主体的块体做向东的右景下,燕山板内造山带可能构成了亚洲东部另一个重要的“挤出构造带”或“逃逸构造域”,这种推测需要得到北部东西向断裂系具有同期左行走滑运动的支持。 相似文献
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F. Stoppa 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1996,57(7):563-577
The late Pleistocene San Venanzo maar and nearby Pian di Celle tuff ring in the San Venanzo area of Umbria, central Italy, appear to represent different aspects of an eruptive cycle accompanied by diatreme formation. Approximately 6x106 m3 of mostly lapillisized, juvenile ejecta with lesser amounts of lithics and 1x106 m3 of lava were erupted. The stratigraphy indicates intense explosive activity followed by lava flows and subvolcanic intrusions. The pyroclastic material includes lithic breccia derived from vent and diatreme wall erosion, roughly stratified lapilli tuff deposited by concentrated pyroclastic surge, chaotic scoriaceous pyroclastic flow and inverse graded grain-flow deposits. The key feature of the pyroclastics is the presence of concentric-shelled lapilli generated by accretion around the lithics during magma ascent in the diatreme conduits. The rock types range from kalsilite leucite olivine melilitite lavas and subvolcanic intrusions to carbonatite, phonolite and calcitic melilitite pyroclasts. Juvenile ejecta contain essential calcite whose composition and texture indicate a magmatic origin. Pyroclastic carbonatite activity is also indicated by the presence of carbonatite ash beds. The San Venanzo maar-forming event is believed to have been trigered by fluid-rich carbonatite-phonolite magma. The eruptive centre the moved to the Pian di Celle tuff ring, where the eruption of degassed olivine melilititic magma and late intrusions ended magmatic activity in the area. In both volcanoes the absence of phreatomagmatic features together with the presence of large amounts of primary calcite suggests carbonatite segregation and violent exsolution of CO2 which, flowing through the diatremes, produced the peculiar intrusive pyroclastic facies and triggered explosions. 相似文献
97.
In the mid-fifteenth century, one of the largest eruptions of the last 10 000 years occurred in the Central New Hebrides arc, forming the Kuwae caldera (12x6 km). This eruption followed a late maar phase in the pre-caldera edifice, responsible for a series of alternating hydromagmatic deposits and airfall lapilli layers. Tuffs related to caldera formation ( 120 m of deposits on a composite section from the caldera wall) were emitted during two main ignimbritic phases associated with two additional hydromagmatic episodes. The lower hydromagmatic tuffs from the precaldera maar phase are mainly basaltic andesite in composition, but clasts show compositions ranging from 48 to 60% SiO2. The unwelded and welded ashflow deposits from the ignimbritic phases and the associated intermediate and upper hydromagmatic deposits also show a wide compositional range (60–73% SiO2), but are dominantly dacitic. This broad compositional range is thought to be due to crystal fractionation. The striking evolution from one eruptive style (hydromagmatic) to the other (magmatic with emission of a large volume of ignimbrites) which occurred either over the tuff series as a whole, or at the beginning of each ignimbritic phase, is the most impressive characteristic of the caldera-forming event. This strongly suggests triggering of the main eruptive phases by magma-water interaction. A three-step model of caldera formation is presented: (1) moderate hydromagmatic (sequences HD 1–4) and magmatic (fallout deposits) activity from a central vent, probably over a period of months or years, affected an area slightly wider than the present caldera. At the end of this stage, intense seismic activity and extrusion of differentiated magma outside the caldera area occurred; (2) unhomogenized dacite was released during a hydromagmatic episode (HD 5). This was immediately followed by two major pyroclastic flows (PFD 1 and 2). The vents spread and intense magma-water interaction at the beginning of this stage decreased rapidly as magma discharge increased. Subsequent collapse of the caldera probably commenced in the southeastern sector of the caldera; (3) dacitic welded tuffs were emplaced during a second main phase (WFD 1–5). At the beginning of this phase, magma-water interaction continued, producing typical hydromagmatic deposits (HD 6). Caldera collapse extended to the northern part of the caldera. Previous C14 dates and records of explosive volcanism in ice from the south Pole show that the climactic phase of this event occurred in 1452 A.D. 相似文献
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G. Franz D. Pudlo G. Urlacher U. Haussmann A. Boven K. Wemmer 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1994,83(3):614-623
Field investigations, K-Ar age determinations and chemical data were used to describe the development of an intraplate volcanic province, the Darfur Dome, Sudan. Magmatism started 36 Ma ago at a small subvolcanic complex (Jebel Kussa) in the center of the dome and was active in the same area between 26 and 23 Ma. Two major volcanic fields (Marra Mountains and Tagabo Hills) developed between 16 and 10 Ma. Volcanism started again at 6.8 Ma with a third volcanic field (Meidob Hills) and at 4.3 Ma in the Marra Mountains and with the reactivation of the center. Activity then continued until the late Quaternary. Having started in the center of the Darfur Dome, volcanism moved in 36 Ma 200 km towards the NNE and 100 km SSW No essential difference in the alkaline magma types (basanitic to phonolitic-trachytic, with different amounts of assimilation of crustal material) in the different fields, was observed. Magmatism is thought to have been produced by a rising mantle plume and volcanism was triggered by stress resolution along the Central African Fault Zone. 相似文献